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PARIS

-The Eiffel Tower was originally built as an attraction for the 1889 Universal Exhibition. The tower was considered by many

Parisians to be an eyesore, but they have since come to terms with it and merely hang sheets over it when visitors come to town. It was the tallest structure in the world until the Empire State Building was completed in 1931.

--The Seine River. Here is where you can see and do it all without spending a bundle. Spend as much time as you can either walking along its banks or taking boat tours up and down the waterway itself. It is probably the most beguiling river in the world, and you will find almost every building of interest in Paris is on or near the Seine.

--The Parisian cafes. Here again you can take in the sights and experience the essence of romantic Paris without great expense. Particularly visit the cafes in the St. Germain-des-pres district, so you can follow in the steps of Ernest Hemingway, Victor Hugo, Ezra Pound and F. Scott Fitzgerald. You may or may not develop the ability to write as well as these artists, but you be able to brag to your friends when you return home. Assuming of course that your kind of friends know that Hemmingway, Hugo, Pound and Fitgerald were writers and not a law firm.



--The Louvre was first opened to the public in 1793 after the French Revolution and now houses the most enormous art collection in the world. If you are dead set upon seeing every exhibit, be sure to set aside the most convenient decade of your trip in order to do so.

NEPAL

Nepal, officially known, according to its Interim Constitution, as the State of Nepal (previously known as Kingdom of Nepal) (Nepali: नेपाल [neˈpaːl] (help·info)) is a landlocked Himalayan country in South Asia. It is bordered by China (Tibet) to the north and by India (Bihar, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal) to the south, east and west.



Though a small territory, the landscape of Nepal is unusually diverse, ranging from the humid Terai in the south to the lofty Himalayas in the north. Eight of the world's ten highest mountains are in Nepal, including Mount Everest. The country is famous for: tourism, trekking, hiking, camping, mountain biking, national wildlife parks, jungle safaris, river rafting, sport fishing, and its many beautiful temples and places of worship.

History

Main article: History of Nepal

Neolithic tools found in the Kathmandu Valley indicate that people have been living in the Himalayan region for at least nine thousand years. It appears that people who were probably of Tibeto-Burman ethnicity lived in Nepal two and half thousand years ago.^[2]

Siddhartha Gautama

One of the princes of the Shakya confederation was Siddhartha Gautama (563–483 BC), who renounced his royalty to lead an ascetic life and came to be known as the Buddha ("the one who has awakened"). By 250 BCE, the region came under the influence of the Mauryan empire of northern India, and later became a puppet state under the Gupta Dynasty in the fourth century CE. From the late fifth century CE, rulers called the Licchavis governed the area. The Licchavi dynasty went into decline in the late eighth century CE and from 879 was followed by a Newar era, although the extent of their control over the entire country is uncertain. By late eleventh century, southern Nepal came under the influence of the Chalukya Empire of southern India. After the return of Chalukya emperor Vikramāditya-VI to South India, one of his chieftains Nānyadeva established an independent state in 1091 AD which ruled over whole of North Bihar and most of southern Nepal till 1326 AD; this dynasty was famous as Karnāta. Under the Karnātas, Nepal's religious establishment changed as the kings patronised Hinduism instead of Buddhism prevailing at that time. After 1326 AD, North Bihar passed into direct control of Tughlaks of Delhi and Karnātas were confined to Nepal for next four centuries.

Hindu temples in Patan, the capital of one of the three medieval Newar kingdoms.

By the early thirteenth century, leaders were emerging whose names ended with the Sanskrit suffix malla ("wrestler"). Initially their reign was marked by upheaval, but the kings consolidated their power over the next two hundred years. By late fourteenth century, much of the country began to come under a unified rule. This unity was short-lived; in 1482 the kingdom was carved into three areas, Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhadgaon, which engaged in petty rivalry for centuries.

In 1765, the Gorkha ruler Prithvi Narayan Shah set out to unify the kingdoms, after first seeking arms and aid from Indian kings and buying the neutrality of bordering Indian kingdoms. After several bloody battles and sieges, he managed to unify Nepal three years later. However, the actual war never took place while conquering the Kathmandu Valley. Prithivi Narayan Shah was unable to defeat the powerful Newar kingdom of Kathmandu. In fact, it was during the Indra Jātrā, when all the valley citizens were celebrating the festival, Prithvi Nārāyan Shāh with his troops captured the valley, virtually without any effort.

Prithvi Nārāyan Shāh

This marked the birth of the modern nation of Nepal. A dispute and subsequent war with Tibet over control of mountain passes forced Nepal to retreat and pay heavy repatriations to China, who came to Tibet's rescue. Rivalry with the British East India Company over the annexation of minor states bordering Nepal eventually led to the brief but bloody Anglo-Nepalese War (1815–16), in which Nepal defended its present-day borders but lost its territories west of the Kali River, including present day Uttarakhand state and several Punjab Hill States of present day Himachal Pradesh. The Treaty of Sugauli also ceded parts of the Terai (which formerly belonged to Bengal but were claimed by Shāh dynasty during the lawless years of late 18th century when East India Company was consolidating and extending its control) and Sikkim to the Company in exchange for Nepali autonomy.

Nepalese royalty in the 1920s.

Factionalism among the royal family led to instability after the war. In 1846, a discovered plot to overthrow Jang Bahadur, a fast-rising military leader, by the reigning queen, led to the Kot Massacre. Armed clashes between military personnel and administrators loyal to the queen led to the execution of several hundred princes and chieftains around the country. Bahadur won and founded the Rana dynasty, leading to the Rana autocracy. The king was made a titular figure, and the post of Prime Minister was made powerful and hereditary. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British, and assisted the British during the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, and later in both World Wars. In 1923 the United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed an agreement of friendship, truth, and law, in which Nepal's independence was recognised by the UK.

In the late 1940s, emerging pro-democracy movements and political parties in Nepal were critical of the Rana autocracy. Meanwhile, China regained control of Tibet in 1950, making India keen on stability in Nepal. King Tribhuvan offered then Indian Prime Minister accession of Nepal on the condition that he be made President of India. Nehru refused but sponsored KingTribhuvan as Nepal's new king in 1951, and a new government, comprising the Nepali Congress Party (citation!!). After years of power wrangling between the king and the government, the democratic experiment was dissolved in 1960, and a "partyless" panchayat system was instituted to govern Nepal. In 1990, the "Jana Andolan" (People's) Movement forced the monarchy to accept constitutional reforms and establish a multiparty parliament in May 1991.^[3] Krishna Prasad Bhattarai became the Prime Minister, drafted a new Constitution and carried out the democratic elections for the parliament. The Nepali Congress Party won the country's first democratic elections, with Girija Prasad Koirala becoming prime minister.

THE 7 WONDERS OF THE WORLD

• Ten things you may not know about Wikipedia •

CALCUTTA The place of joy

“Calcutta” redirects here. For other uses, see Calcutta (disambiguation).

Kolkata (help·info) (Bengali: কলকাতা, IPA: ['kolkat̪a], formerly Calcutta (help·info), is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. The city has a population of almost 4.5 million, with an extended metropolitan population of over 14 million, making it the third-largest urban agglomeration and the fourth-largest city in India.

Kolkata served as the capital of India during the British Raj until 1911. Once the centre of modern education, science, culture and politics in India, Kolkata witnessed economic stagnation in the years following India's independence in 1947. However, since the year 2000, an economic rejuvenation has led to a spurt in the city's growth. Like other metropolitan cities of India, Kolkata continues to struggle with urbanisation problems like poverty, pollution and traffic congestion.

Kolkata is noted for its revolutionary history, ranging from the Indian struggle for independence to the leftist and trade union movements. This vibrant city, with a distinct socio-political culture, is considered by many as the Cultural capital of India.

Goa a lovelly place

History

Main article: History of Goa

A chapel in Old Goa, an example of Portuguese architecture.

Goa's known history stretches back to the 3rd century BC, when it formed part of the Mauryan Empire.^[5] It was later ruled by the Satavahanas of Kolhapur, around two thousand years ago and passed on to the Chalukyas of Badami, who controlled it between 580 to 750. Over the next few centuries Goa was successively ruled by the Silharas, the Kadambas and the Chalukyas of Kalyani, rulers of Deccan India.^[6] The Kadambas, a local Hindu dynasty based at Chandrapura, (present day Chandor - Salcete), laid an indelible mark on the course of Goa's pre-colonial history and culture.

In 1312, Goa came under the governance of the Delhi Sultanate. However, the kingdom's grip on the region was weak, and by 1370 they were forced to surrender it to Harihara I of the Vijayanagara empire. The Vijayanagara monarchs held on to the territory until 1469, when it was appropriated by the Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga. After that dynasty crumbled, the area fell to the hands of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur who made Velha Goa their auxiliary capital.

In 1498, Vasco da Gama became the first European to set foot in India through a sea route, landing in Calicut (Kozhikode) in Kerala, followed by an arrival in what is now known as Old Goa. Goa, then a term referring to the City of Goa on the southern bank of the River Mandovi, was the largest trading centre on India's western coast. The Portuguese arrived with the intention of setting up a colony and seizing control of the spice trade from other European powers after traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks. Later, in 1510, Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque defeated the ruling Bijapur kings with the help of a local ally, Timayya, leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (or Old Goa). The Portuguese intended it to be a colony and a naval base, distinct from the fortified enclaves established elsewhere along India's coasts.

Ruins of Fort Aguada in north Goa; one of the defences that the Portuguese built during their reign.

With the imposition of the Inquisition (1560–1812), many of the local residents were forcibly converted to Christianity by missionaries, threatened by punishment or confiscation of land, titles or property.^{[citation needed]} Many converts however retained parts of their Hindu heritage. To escape the Inquisition and harassment, thousands fled the state, settling down in the neighbouring towns of Mangalore and Karwar in Karnataka, and Savantwadi in Maharashtra. With the arrival of the other European powers in India in the 16th century, most Portuguese possessions were surrounded by the British and the Dutch. Goa soon became Portugal's most important possession in India, and was granted the same civic privileges as Lisbon In 1843 the capital was moved to Panjim from Velha Goa. By mid-18th century the area under occupation had expanded to most of Goa's present day state limits.

After India gained independence from the British in 1947, Portugal refused to accede to India's demand to relinquish their control of its enclave. Resolution 1541 by the United Nations General Assembly in 1960 noted that Goa was non-self-governing and favoured self determination. Finally, on December 12, 1961, the Indian army with 40,000 troops moved in as part of Operation Vijay. Fighting lasted for twenty-six hours before the Portuguese garrison surrendered. Goa, along with Daman and Diu (enclaves lying to the north of Maharashtra), was made into a centrally administered Union Territory on India. India's takeover of Goa is commemorated on December 19 (Liberation Day). The UN Security Council considered a resolution condemning the invasion which was vetoed by the Soviet Union. Most nations later recognised India's action, and Portugal recognised it after the Carnation Revolution in 1974. On May 30, 1987, the Union Territory was split, and Goa was elevated as India's twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining Union Territories.

Delhi the historical place

Delhi, India Travel Pictures

Delhi, the capital of India, is a monumental city. Many rulers have made it their home and it shows. The place is littered with countless gems of history combined with the ravages of modern times, a huge population, and pollution of all sorts. Amongst the highlights are the Moghul buildings of Red Fort, Jama Masjid, Humayun's Tomb, Safdarjung's Tomb, Nizzamudin; the sprawling Lodhi gardens; Hindu shrines such as the Birla Temple; British remains: The Connaught Place shopping area and Rajpath; the Qutab Minar tower and Rajghat, Gandhi's tomb. The omnipresent scooters (3 wheelers) and taxis will transport you to all the sights for modest fees. Beware of the hot summer and the following monsoon rains.

Jama Masjid, India's largest Mosque, built by Akbar, one of the great Moghul Emperors. You can climb up the left tower for a nice view	View from Jama Masjid tower

View from Jama Masjid tower onto the chaos of Old Delhi	View from Jama Masjid tower onto the enormous courtyard
In the Red Fort	The Muslim shrine of Nizzamudin Chisti, a saint who died in 1325, has a very strange atmosphere. The narrow paths leading to the shrine are paved with flower-garland hawkers. Surprisingly, it's no problem to take a picture here
This is one of the platforms of Old Delhi railway station. There are usually lots of people with amusing pieces of household belongings milling around in India's railway stations. The Indian Railways is the world's largest employer..	The iron pillar at Qutab Minar is ancient and strangely enough does not rust. Your wish will supposedly come true if you can encircle it with your arms with your back to it
Fruit sellers in one of the narrow alleys of Old Delhi	Being driven around on a bicycle rickshaw through the chaotic alleys of Old Delhi is quite an adventure!
Birla temple complex. The Birlas are a rich industrial family and philanthropists	Snake charmers outside Safdarjung's Tomb. They demanded a horrendous fee after I'd taken their picture, but I gave them a more reasonable sum
The front of Birla Temple. Since the whole complex can only be toured barefoot, everyone has to take off their shoes outside	A dragon in the park behind Birla temple. This passer-by kid was determined to be on the picture
Fountains at the back of Birla temple	Sikh temple in Old Delhi
Intricate screen carved out of marble in Old Delhi's Red Fort	Looking out at the market crowd on one side of Red Fort. In the foreground (in black) is a levitator in the process of "floating on air", you can see his head above the black sheets
Emperor Safdarjung's Tomb, one of the last Moguls	Emperor Humayun's tomb, one of the first Moguls. Aesthetically, this is one of my favourite Mogul tombs. Noblemen and other members of the court are buried in the little rooms you see at the base of the tomb. Since Muslims must bury their dead under the ground, the extravagant 'tomb' of the emperor inside the mausoleum is a cenotaph: the actual tomb is at the centre of the monument at ground level
The Qutab Minar, 72m high and built by Qutabuddin, on the outskirts of Delhi dates from the 12th century. Initially, it was possible to climb the spiral staircase right to the top but access was restricted to the 1st platform due to dramatic suicides. Now the tower is completely closed due to a tragic accident in the stairwell involving schoolchildren	Alai Minar: A rival started building a tower larger and twice as tall as the Qutab Minar nearby to it. It didn't get completed after his death, however